June, 2024
MEG-16 : INDIAN FOLK LITERATURE
Note : (i) Attempt any five questions.
(ii) Each question carries 20 marks.
(iii) Question No. 8 is compulsory.
1. Trace the origin of folktales and their relation with any given society. 20
2. Who is Girish Karnad and how is he important in terms of his contribution to Indian Folkloristics ?
3. Critically interpret Mamang Dai’s ‘The Legends of Pensam’. 20
4. What are the relations between Indian folk epics and Sanskrit epics ? 20
5. Discuss the folk elements in ‘Pather Panchali’ by Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay. 20
6. Discuss the dimensions of folk in ‘The Dilemma’ by Vijaydan Detha. 20
7. Write a note on the contributions of Sitakant Mahapatra to the oral traditions of Indian tribes. 20
8. Write short notes on any two of the following :
(a) Myths, Legends and Tales
(b) Proverbs and Riddles
(c) Tamasha, Nautanki and Pala
December, 2023
Note : (i) Attempt any five questions in about 700 words each.
(ii) Each question carries 20 marks.
(iii) Question No. 10 is compulsory.
1. Bascom writes, “Folklore....is a part of culture but not the whole of culture.” Elucidate the statement. 20
2. Discuss the characteristics and scope of folk poetry and songs.
3. Explain the role of archives in protection of traditional cultural expressions in India. 20
4. “Ramanujan‟s tales depict the life of ordinary people.” Comment. 20
5. Based on your study of Verrier Elvin‟s When the World was Young describe how motifs are interwoven in the tribal tales. 20
6. The Legends of Pensam by Mamang Dai is a modern response to an ancient and traditional culture. Discuss. 20
7. Maila Anchal by Renu revolves around village life. Comment. 20
8. Attempt a critical essay on the cinematic representation of folk. 20
9. Discuss theatre techniques of Habib Tanvir in the context of his play „Charandas Chor‟. 20
10. Write short notes on any two of the following :
2×10=20
(a) Sanskritization and Westernization
(b) Paraja Custom of Marriage
(c) „Chemmeen‟ as a folk text
June, 2023
MEG-16 : INDIAN FOLK LITERATURE
Time : 3 Hours Maximum Marks : 100
Note : (i) Attempt any five questions in about
700 word each.
(ii) Each question carries 20 marks.
(iii) Questions No. 10 is compulsory.
1. Discuss the various forms folklore prevalent in different parts of India. 20
2. Nature is an essential element of folklore. Elucidate. 20
3. Attempt an essay on visual narratives tracing the journey of folk paintings in India from the pre-historic rock art to the living tradition of folk painting. 20
4. Expalin how balloads, riddles and proverbs are used as expressions of protest in folk litrature. 20
5. Who was Verrier Elvin and what was his contribution to the Indian folklore ? 20
6. What do you know about the oral poetry of the Kondhs tribe of Odisha ? 20
7. Give a critical appreciation of the idea of folk in Pather Panchali. 20
8. What are the various elements of folk in the various theatre forms in India ? 20
9. Discuss Nagamandala and Hayavadana by Girish Karnad as companion plays. 20
10. Write shoft notes on any two of the following :
(a) Oral Epics- Alha & Dhola
(b) Sita’s Truth and Lakshmina’s Laugh
(c) Place Paradigm and culture formation.
December, 2022
1. Discuss the ideological contexts for the study of folklore. Evaluate the diversity of the perceptions about folklore. 20
2. Attempt a critical note on the Historical Geographical School, Psychoanalytical School and Structural School with reference to the study of folklore. 20
3. Discuss the importance of ‘point of view’ as a narrative technique in folktales. Give a couple of examples. 20
4. Discuss the life and works of a few folklorists who pioneered folklore research.
5. Discuss ‘Oral Epics in India’ as a compendium of myths of the various regions of India. 20
6. Critically appreciate ‘Pather Panchali’ and the idea of folk in the text. 20
7. What is the importance of street poets and singers in folk culture ? Elucidate with examples. 20
8. How does the picture of a regional society of post-Independence India reflect in the text ‘Chemmeen’ ? 20
9. Discuss the folk genesis of Girish Karnad’s plays, ‘Hayavadana’ and ‘Nagamandala’. 20
10. Write short notes on any two of the following : 2´10=20 (a) Folklore and the Alternative Modernities (b) Oral Epics (c) Jatra (d) Myths and Rituals
June, 2022.
1. Attempt a critical essay on folk literature and language vis-à-vis the research and pedagogy. 20
2. What are the ideological contexts associated with the study of folklore ? 20
3. Attempt a critical debate on ‘oral-written nexus’, with reference to the discussions in your course. 20
4. ‘‘A.K. Ramanujan’s ‘Folktales of India’ is a ground-breaking text in folklore research.’’ Discuss. 20
5. Discuss the ancient knowledge system of the tribal communities, with reference to ‘The Awakened Wind’ by Sitakant Mahapatra.
6. Discuss the dynamism of the great epic ‘The Ramayana’, with reference to the text by Paula Richman. 20
7. ‘‘Women are the custodians of folk culture.’’ Justify the statement, with reference to the novel ‘Paraja’ by Gopinath Mohanty. 20
8. Discuss the importance of Phanishwar Nath Renu as a folklorist. 20
9. What was the idea of ‘folk’ in Habib Tanvir’s play, ‘Charandas Chor’ ? 20
10. Write short notes on any two of the following : 2´10=20 (a) Folk Songs (b) Proverbs, Riddles and Speech (c) Archiving (d) Legends
December, 2021
1. Evaluate the significance of folk tradition in Indian literature with special reference to ‘Folktates from India’ by A. K. Ramanujan. 20
2. Critically appreciate the text ‘When the World was Young’ by Verrier Elwin. 20
3. Manoj Das’s ‘Tales Told by Mystics’ bases ifself on the rich, indigenous, mythological resources. Discuss.
4. Give your views on the future of oral epics in India. What are the relations between Indian folk epics and Sanskrit epics ? 20
5. “Proverbs, riddles and speeches are important folk forms that capture the collective imagination of a people.” Discuss. 20
6. What, according to Bakhtin, are the three folk forms of the folk culture of humour ? 20
7. “Girish Karnad’s ‘Nagamandala’ and ‘Hayavadana’ represent the rich folk traditions of India.” Discuss. 20
8. Discuss the different theoretical approaches to the study of folklore in India. 20
9. Attempt a critical essay on different forms and variations of folk songs and dances. 20
10. Write short notes on any two of the following : 10×2=20 (a) Sanskritization (b) Palace Paradigm (c) Tamasha, Nautanki, Bideshiya (d) Ramayana as a folk text
June, 2021
1. Attempt a critical essay on the beginning and growth of folklore studies, in India in particular, and in other parts of the world in general.
2. ‘Folk literature may or may not be realistic literature; sometimes it may be an amalgamation of reality and myth.’ Comment. 20
3. Give a critical overview of the prehistoric rockart or cave painting to the living tradition of folk painting at present. 20
4. Discuss any two folk narrative poems which are extensively used in folktales. 20
5. Identify/Discuss the ‘folk’ and ‘popular’ in Satyajeet Ray’s ‘Pather Panchali’. 20
6. Discuss the idea of ‘folk’ from the perspective of Habib Tanvir and his body of theatre work. 20
7. “Folk is a form of resistance, a critique of the prevelant norms of the society.” Discuss with reference to ‘The Dilemma’ by Vijayadan Detha. 20
8. Discuss ‘Oral Epics of India’ by Stuart H. Blackburn as compendium of myths of various regions of India. 20
9. “The Awakened Wind : The Oral Poetry of the Indian Tribes” by Sitakant Mahapatra is his major contribution to Indian folk literature. Comment. 20
10. Write short notes on any two of the following : 2 ×10=20 (a) Myths and rituals (b) Folklore of North East India (c) Jatka and Pala
February, 2021
1. Discuss the issues of identity and hybridity of folk forms in ‘Kshetra’ and ‘Desha’. 20
2. Attempt a critical essay on the cultural values of India reflected in myths and folktales. 20
3. What do you understand by the term ‘Protest’ ? How is it expressed through folk riddles ? 20
4. Bring out the themes and motifs of the text, ‘When the World Was Young’. 20
5. Discuss the dynamism of the epic, ‘Ramayana’, with reference to Paula Richman’s ‘Ramayana in Modern South India.’
6. Discuss the ideas of the folk in the novel ‘Pather Panchali’. 20 7. How does caste hierarchy operate in the novel ‘Chemmeen’ ? 20
8. What are the characteristic features of folk theatre in India ? Discuss with reference to Pala and Nautanki. 20
9. ‘Charandas Chor is a sort of modern proverbial Robin Hood’ – Comment. 20
10. Attempt short notes on any two of the following : 10´2=20 (a) Sanskritization (b) Growth of Folklore Studies in India (c) Folklore : A Counter Discourse (d) Palace Paradigm
June, 2020
1. Attempt a critical essay on two academic approaches and the schools of thought they belongs to, centered on the study of folklore. 20
2. Discuss folk theatre practised across the various states of India.
3. "Folklore is an expression of our existence." Elucidate. 20
4. Discuss, how folk forms voice or constitute `protest'. Give examples from folk ballads and folk songs. 20
5. Elucidate A. K. Ramanujan as a pioneer folklorist of India. 20
6. Critically appreciate the rich imaginative faculty of the tribal communities with special reference to 'When the World was Young'. 20
7. Discuss the critical debate in Sitakant Mahapatra's `The Awakened Wind : The Oral Poetry of the Indian Tribes'. 20
8. Discuss Bibhuti Bhushan Bandopadhyay's engagement with myth and history with reference to Pather Panchali'. 20
9. Discuss 'The Dilemma' as a contemporary novel, bringing out the folk elements in it. 20
10. Attempt short notes on any two of the following': 10x2=20 (a) Jatra and Kathakali (b) The folk and film (c) Naga Mandala (d) Charandas Chor
December, 2019.
1. What do you understand by the term `Folklore' ? Do you think that the study of folklore changed after World War II ? 20
2. Enumerate and explain the differences between the 'oral' and the 'written' cultures. 20
3. • Define 'myths' and analyse the characteristics of myths with examples. 20
4. Why and how did Verrier Elwin collect and document tribal tales ? DiScuss with reference to 'When the World Was Young'. 20
5. Critically appreciate `father Panchali' and the idea of folk in it. 20
6. Attempt a critical note on eco-systems of the `Paraja' tribe with reference to the novel `Paraja'. 20
7. Give your views on the future of oral epics in India. 20
8. Critically analyze Ramayana in Modern South India' by Paula Richman. With reference to the conflict between individual interest and the public good. 20
9. Tharandas Chor' is a benchmark for theatre practitioners, scholars and folklorists. Discuss. 20
10. Write short notes on any two of the following : 10x2=20 (i) Hayavadana Jatra, Kathakali, Tamasha, Nautanki, Pala (iii) Palace Paradigm and Epic Discourse (iv) Songs of love and wedding songs in Indian Folklore
June, 2019
1. Attempt a critical essay on the growth of folklore studies in India. 20
2. What are the thematic and the narrative concern of folk literature ? . 20
3. Comment on 'Folklore as an expression of life.' Why do you consider folklore as an expression of social existence ? 20
4. Do you consider folk narrative poems as an essential part in the social and cultural life of India ? • 20
5. Discuss two pioneer folklorists of India. Write about Ramanujan and his growth as a folklorist. 20
6. Discuss the critical debates related to the innate wisdom of the tribal communities, with special reference to 'When the World Was Young' by Verrier 20
7. Critically examine 'The Legend of Pensam' as a modern response to an ancient and traditional culture. 20
8. Discuss `Maila Anche as a Bhasha novel, bringing out the folk elements in it. 20
9. Discuss Girish Karnad's engagement with myth, history and folklore with reference to 'Naga Mandala'. 20
10. Attempt short notes on any two of the following : 10x2=20 (a) Folk Theatre (b) 'The Oral Poetry of Indian Tribes' by Sitakant Mahapatra (c) Folk elements in Kanthapura' (d) Brahminization vs. Sanskritization
MASTER OF ARTS (ENGLISH) (MEG) Term-End Examination June, 2019 MEG-016 : INDIAN FOLK LITERATURE
Note Answer any five questions in 700 words each.
Each question carries 20 marks.
1. Attempt a critical essay on the growth of folklore studies in India.
2. What are the thematic and the narrative concern of folk literature ?
3. Comment on 'Folklore as an expression of life.' Why do you consider folklore as an expression of social existence ?
4. Do you consider folk narrative poems as an essential part in the social and cultural life of India ?
5. Discuss two pioneer folklorists of India. Write about Ramanujan and his growth as a folklorist.
6. Discuss the critical debates related to the innate wisdom of the tribal communities, with special reference to 'When the World Was Young' by Verrier
7. Critically examine 'The Legend of Pensam' as a modern response to an ancient and traditional culture.
8. Discuss `Maila Anche as a Bhasha novel, bringing out the folk elements in it.
9. Discuss Girish Karnad's engagement with myth, history and folklore with reference to 'Naga Mandala'.
10. Attempt short notes on any two of the following : 10x2=20
(a) Folk Theatre
(b) 'The Oral Poetry of Indian Tribes' by Sitakant Mahapatra
(c) Folk elements in Kanthapura'
(d) Brahminization vs. Sanskritization
December, 2019 MEG-16 : INDIAN FOLK LITERATURE
Note :Attempt any five questions (700 words each).
Each question carries equal marks.
1. What do you understand by the term `Folklore' ? Do you think that the study of folklore changed after World War II ? 20
2. Enumerate and explain the differences between the 'oral' and the 'written' cultures. 20
3. • Define 'myths' and analyse the characteristics of myths with examples. 20
4. Why and how did Verrier Elwin collect and document tribal tales ? DiScuss with reference to 'When the World Was Young'. 20
5. Critically appreciate `father Panchali' and the idea of folk in it. 20
6. Attempt a critical note on eco-systems of the `Paraja' tribe with reference to the novel `Paraja'. 20
7. Give your views on the future of oral epics in India. 20
8. Critically analyze Ramayana in Modern South India' by Paula Richman. With reference to the conflict between individual interest and the public good. 20
9. Tharandas Chor' is a benchmark for theatre practitioners, scholars and folklorists. Discuss. 20
10. Write short notes on any two of the following : 10x2=20
(i) Hayavadana Jatra, Kathakali, Tamasha, Nautanki, Pala
(iii) Palace Paradigm and Epic Discourse
(iv) Songs of love and wedding songs in Indian Folklore
June, 2020 MEG-16 : INDIAN FOLK LITERATURE
1. Attempt a critical essay on two academic approaches and the schools of thought they belongs to, centered on the study of folklore. 20
2. Discuss folk theatre practised across the various states of India.
3. "Folklore is an expression of our existence." Elucidate. 20
4. Discuss, how folk forms voice or constitute `protest'. Give examples from folk ballads and folk songs. 20
5. Elucidate A. K. Ramanujan as a pioneer folklorist of India. 20
6. Critically appreciate the rich imaginative faculty of the tribal communities with special reference to 'When the World was Young'. 20
7. Discuss the critical debate in Sitakant Mahapatra's `The Awakened Wind : The Oral Poetry of the Indian Tribes'. 20
8. Discuss Bibhuti Bhushan Bandopadhyay's engagement with myth and history with reference to Pather Panchali'. 20
9. Discuss 'The Dilemma' as a contemporary novel, bringing out the folk elements in it. 20
10. Attempt short notes on any two of the following': 10x2=20
(a) Jatra and Kathakali
(b) The folk and film
(c) Naga Mandala
(d) Charandas Chor
February, 2021 MEG-16 : INDIAN FOLK LITERATURE
Note : Answer any five questions in 700 words each.
Each question carries 20 marks. Question no. 10 is compulsory.
1. Discuss the issues of identity and hybridity of folk forms in ‘Kshetra’ and ‘Desha’. 20
2. Attempt a critical essay on the cultural values of India reflected in myths and folktales. 20
3. What do you understand by the term ‘Protest’ ? How is it expressed through folk riddles ? 20
4. Bring out the themes and motifs of the text, ‘When the World Was Young’. 20
5. Discuss the dynamism of the epic, ‘Ramayana’, with reference to Paula Richman’s ‘Ramayana in Modern South India.’ 20
6. Discuss the ideas of the folk in the novel ‘Pather Panchali’. 20
7. How does caste hierarchy operate in the novel ‘Chemmeen’ ? 20
8. What are the characteristic features of folk theatre in India ? Discuss with reference to Pala and Nautanki. 20
9. ‘Charandas Chor is a sort of modern proverbial Robin Hood’ – Comment. 20 1
0. Attempt short notes on any two of the following : 102=20
(a) Sanskritization
(b) Growth of Folklore Studies in India
(c) Folklore : A Counter Discourse
(d) Palace Paradigm
MASTER OF ARTS (ENGLISH) (MEG) Term-End Examination June, 2021 MEG-016 : INDIAN FOLK LITERATURE
Note Answer any five questions in 700 words each.
1. Attempt a critical essay on the beginning and growth of folklore studies, in India in particular, and in other parts of the world in general.
2. ‘Folk literature may or may not be realistic literature; sometimes it may be an amalgamation of reality and myth.’ Comment. 20
3. Give a critical overview of the prehistoric rockart or cave painting to the living tradition of folk painting at present. 20
4. Discuss any two folk narrative poems which are extensively used in folktales. 20
5. Identify/Discuss the ‘folk’ and ‘popular’ in Satyajeet Ray’s ‘Pather Panchali’. 20
6. Discuss the idea of ‘folk’ from the perspective of Habib Tanvir and his body of theatre work. 20
7. “Folk is a form of resistance, a critique of the prevelant norms of the society.” Discuss with reference to ‘The Dilemma’ by Vijayadan Detha. 20
8. Discuss ‘Oral Epics of India’ by Stuart H. Blackburn as compendium of myths of various regions of India.
9. “The Awakened Wind : The Oral Poetry of the Indian Tribes” by Sitakant Mahapatra is his major contribution to Indian folk literature. Comment. 20
10. Write short notes on any two of the following : 2 ×10=20 (a) Myths and rituals (b) Folklore of North East India (c) Jatka and Pala
June 2024
1. Trace the origin of folktales and their relation with any given society.
2. Who is Girish Karnad and how is he important in terms of his contribution to Indian Folkloristics ?
3. Critically interpret Mamang Dai’s ‘The Legends of Pensam’.
4. What are the relations between Indian folk epics and Sanskrit epics ?
5. Discuss the folk elements in ‘Pather Panchali’ by Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay.
6. Discuss the dimensions of folk in ‘The Dilemma’ by Vijaydan Detha.
7. Write a note on the contributions of Sitakant Mahapatra to the oral traditions of Indian tribes.
8. Write short notes on any two of the following : 10×2=20 (a) (b) Proverbs and Riddles (c) Tamasha, Nautanki and Pala
Dec 2023
1. Bascom writes, “Folklore....is a part of culture but not the whole of culture.” Elucidate the statement.
2. Discuss the characteristics and scope of folk poetry and songs.
3. Explain the role of archives in protection of traditional cultural expressions in India.
4. “Ramanujan‟s tales depict the life of ordinary people.” Comment.
5. Based on your study of Verrier Elvin‟s When the World was Young describe how motifs are interwoven in the tribal tales.
6. The Legends of Pensam by Mamang Dai is a modern response to an ancient and traditional culture. Discuss.
7. Maila Anchal by Renu revolves around village life. Comment.
8. Attempt a critical essay on the cinematic representation of folk.
9. Discuss theatre techniques of Habib Tanvir in the context of his play „Charandas Chor‟.
10. Write short notes on any two of the following :
2×10=20
(a) Sanskritization and Westernization
(b) Paraja Custom of Marriage
(c) „Chemmeen‟ as a folk text
June 2023
1. Discuss the various forms folklore prevalent in different parts of India.
2. Nature is an essential element of folklore. Elucidate.
3. Attempt an essay on visual narratives tracing the journey of folk paintings in India from the pre-historic rock art to the living tradition of folk painting.
4. Expalin how balloads, riddles and proverbs are used as expressions of protest in folk litrature.
5. Who was Verrier Elvin and what was his contribution to the Indian folklore ?
6. What do you know about the oral poetry of the Kondhs tribe of Odisha ?
7. Give a critical appreciation of the idea of folk in Pather Panchali.
8. What are the various elements of folk in the various theatre forms in India ?
9. Discuss Nagamandala and Hayavadana by Girish Karnad as companion plays.
10. Write shoft notes on any two of the following :
2×10=20
(a) Oral Epics- Alha & Dhola
(b) Sita’s Truth and Lakshmina’s Laugh
(c) Place Paradigm and culture formation.
Dec 2022
1. Discuss the ideological contexts for the study of folklore. Evaluate the diversity of the perceptions about folklore.
2. Attempt a critical note on the Historical Geographical School, Psychoanalytical School and Structural School with reference to the study of folklore.
3. Discuss the importance of ‘point of view’ as a narrative technique in folktales. Give a couple of examples.
4. Discuss the life and works of a few folklorists who pioneered folklore research.
5. Discuss ‘Oral Epics in India’ as a compendium of myths of the various regions of India.
6. Critically appreciate ‘Pather Panchali’ and the idea of folk in the text. 20 7. What is the importance of street poets and singers in folk culture ? Elucidate with examples.
8. How does the picture of a regional society of post-Independence India reflect in the text ‘Chemmeen’ ?
9. Discuss the folk genesis of Girish Karnad’s plays, ‘Hayavadana’ and ‘Nagamandala’.
10. Write short notes on any two of the following : 2´10=20 (a) Folklore and the Alternative Modernities (b) Oral Epics (c) Jatra (d) Myths and Rituals
June 2022
1. Attempt a critical essay on folk literature and language vis-à-vis the research and pedagogy.
2. What are the ideological contexts associated with the study of folklore ?
3. Attempt a critical debate on ‘oral-written nexus’, with reference to the discussions in your course.
4. ‘‘A.K. Ramanujan’s ‘Folktales of India’ is a ground-breaking text in folklore research.’’ Discuss.
5. Discuss the ancient knowledge system of the tribal communities, with reference to ‘The Awakened Wind’ by Sitakant Mahapatra.
6. Discuss the dynamism of the great epic ‘The Ramayana’, with reference to the text by Paula Richman.
7. ‘‘Women are the custodians of folk culture.’’ Justify the statement, with reference to the novel ‘Paraja’ by Gopinath Mohanty.
8. Discuss the importance of Phanishwar Nath Renu as a folklorist.
9. What was the idea of ‘folk’ in Habib Tanvir’s play, ‘Charandas Chor’ ?
10. Write short notes on any two of the following : 2´10=20 (a) Folk Songs (b) Proverbs, Riddles and Speech (c) Archiving (d) Legends
Dec 2021
1. Evaluate the significance of folk tradition in Indian literature with special reference to ‘Folktates from India’ by A. K. Ramanujan.
2. Critically appreciate the text ‘When the World was Young’ by Verrier Elwin
3. Manoj Das’s ‘Tales Told by Mystics’ bases ifself on the rich, indigenous, mythological resources. Discuss.
4. Give your views on the future of oral epics in India. What are the relations between Indian folk epics and Sanskrit epics ?
5. “Proverbs, riddles and speeches are important folk forms that capture the collective imagination of a people.” Discuss.
6. What, according to Bakhtin, are the three folk forms of the folk culture of humour ?
7. “Girish Karnad’s ‘Nagamandala’ and ‘Hayavadana’ represent the rich folk traditions of India.” Discuss.
8. Discuss the different theoretical approaches to the study of folklore in India.
9. Attempt a critical essay on different forms and variations of folk songs and dances.
10. Write short notes on any two of the following : 10×2=20 (a) Sanskritization (b) Palace Paradigm (c) Tamasha, Nautanki, Bideshiya (d) Ramayana as a folk text.
Attempt short notes on any two of the following : 10x2=20
• Folk Theatre
• 'The Oral Poetry of Indian Tribes' by Sitakant Mahapatra
• Folk elements in Kanthapura'
• Brahminization vs. Sanskritization
• Hayavadana Jatra, Kathakali, Tamasha, Nautanki, Pala
• Palace Paradigm and Epic Discourse
• Songs of love and wedding songs in Indian Folklore
• Jatra and Kathakali
• The folk and film
• Naga Mandala
• Charandas Chor
• Sanskritization
• Growth of Folklore Studies in India
• Folklore : A Counter Discourse
• Palace Paradigm
• Myths and rituals
· Myths, Legends and Tales
• Folklore of North East India
• Jatka and Pala
· Proverbs and Riddles
· Tamasha, Nautanki and Pala
· Sanskritization and Westernization
· Paraja Custom of Marriage
· Chemmeen‟ as a folk text
· Oral Epics- Alha & Dhola
· Sita’s Truth and Lakshmina’s Laugh
· Place Paradigm and culture formation.
· Alternative Modernities
· Oral Epics
· Jatra
· Myths and Rituals
· Folk Songs
· Proverbs, Riddles and Speech
· Archiving
· Legends
· Sanskritization
· Palace Paradigm
· Tamasha, Nautanki, Bideshiya
· Ramayana as a folk text.
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