MEG 4 - Aspects of Language - Important questions - 2025
HUMAN & ANIMAL COMMUNICATION/LANGUAGE DIFFERENCES & SIMILARITIES WITH EXAMPLES
HOW AND WHY LANGUAGE ORIGINATED
Discuss the differences between human and animal communication. Also elaborate how and why language originated.
How do you distinguish human language from other animal communication systems ? What characteristic features of language make it unique ?
How does human language differ from animal communication ? Discuss with examples.
How does human language differ from animal communication ? Discuss.
Examine the salient features of the Sapir- Whorf hypotheses.
GENERATIVE & STRUCTURLIST GRAMMAR, FEATURE, DIFFERENCES, NAMES
Examine the differences between Generativists and Structuralists.
Give an account of the salient features of Transformational Generative Grammar and how it was different from Bloomfield's mode1.
Critically review Bloomfield's contribution to Structuralism. Give examples to support your answer.
What is the difference between the generativists and the structuralists ? In what ways have the generativists made
advancements on the structuralists ?
CONSONANTS - DEFINITION, CATEGORIES(FROM PLACE OF ARTICULATION ETC.), EXAMPLE, DIFFERENCE FROM VOWELS - DESCRIPTION, CLASSIFICATION, EXAMPLES, TYPES.
Describe with examples the main categories of the consonant phonemes of English.
Describe the English consonants and explain how they are different from vowels.
Classify and describe the consonant sounds of English based on the place and manner of articulation. 2
Discuss the criteria for the classification of consonants with suitable examples.
Describe the English vowels and explain how they are different from consonants.
Outline the criteria for the description and classification of vowels with examples. 2
Attempt a detailed description cf the vowels of English.
HISTORY OF ENGLISH, CHANGES THROUGH AGES, HOW IT BECAME UNPHOENETIC,PROCESS, EXAMPLES
TYPES & PROCESSES OF WORD FORMATION WITH EXAMPLES(ALL DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROCESSES IN DEEP WITH EXAMPLE)
Outline the history of changes in the English spelling system.
What are the factors which influenced English spelling through the ages ? Explain it with suitable examples.
Examine how English spelling became unphonetic. Give examples where necessary.
Discuss and illustrate the different processes involved in forming new words in the English language
Discuss the word formation processes by which new words are formed. Describe any two in detail.
Examine the coining processes of word formation in English. - 2
Examine the process of coining in word formation in English. Illustrate with examples.
Discuss the following approaches to word formation :
(a) Compounding
(b) Conversion
(c) Inflectional
(d) Reduplication Give examples.
Give an account of Latin borrowings in English. Give suitable examples.
Examine the three ways by which change of meaning takes place.
What is the difference between words and morphemes ? Are they at different levels of hierarchy ? How can words be understood, phonologically, orthographically, grammatically and lexically ?
Discuss the socio-political contexts that influenced the English language development during the old and middle English periods.
SYTACTIC CONSTITUENT- DEFINATION, TEST, EXAMPLES
Describe briefly the tests used in identifying a syntactic constituent. Illustrate any two.
What tests would you apply to identify a syntactic constituent ? Illustrate with examples.
How do you determine a syntactic constituent in a given sentence ? Describe the various tests that can be applied in this case.
SENTENCE
Discuss with examples the main sentence types in English.
What is Intonation ? What are the functions of intonation in English ? Give suitable examples
Explain the function of Intonation in English language.
Discuss the different clause types, giving examples.
What do you understand by the term ‘‘Conversational Analysis ? Why is it important for anyone to have this knowledge ? What are the basic principles involved in it ?
LANGUAGE PLANNING - WHAT, HOW, WHY, WHO, CRITICAL REVIEW, TYPES, LP IN INDIAN CONTEXT, EXAMPLES
STANDARDIZED & STANDARD LANGUAGE - WHAT, HOW, WHY, EXAMPLES
Why is the language planning essential ? What are the different types of language planning ?
Discuss the importance of language planning and the language problems that necessitate it. Would there by any imitations to language planning in a country like India ?
Critically review the changes that have taken place in language planning from 1690’s to 1990’s and explain its importance in today’s times.
Give an account of different types of language planning.
Discuss the different types of language planning. How do they relate to the Indian context ?
Why do we need a standard language ? What are the stages that a language undergoes in the process of standardization ? Is it an advantage when a language is standardized ?
Explain the process of standardization with reference to the consequence of implementing this process.
What is a Standard Language ? Analyse the process of standardization of English.
Give an account of the process of standardization of language, with suitable examples from English.
LINGUISTICS & LITERARY CRITICISM- DEFINTION, EXAMPLES, WHAT, WHY, HOW
Explain the relationship between linguistics and literary criticism. When a text is analyzed linguistically, can it bring out the emotions that characterize it ?
Explain the relationship between linguistics and literary criticism, with relevant examples.
What is the role of Linguistics in literary criticism ?
Discuss how linguistics is related to literary criticism and stylistics.
CODE MIXING & CODE SWITCHING - WHAT, WHY, HOE, EXAMPLES, DIFFERENCES
Distinguish between code switching and code mixing, giving examples.
Discuss different types of code mixing, giving examples.
Discuss code-mixing and code-switching. How are social goals of communication achieved in the process ?
Distinguish between Dialect and Idiolect, with suitable examples.
TUDOR'S LANGUAGE ACQUISTION FACTORS
Discuss the major learner factors in language acquisition.
Discuss the role of personality, cognitive style and attitude in second language acquisition/learning.
Consider the impact of the following learner factors in second language acquisition :age, sex, intelligence, aptitude and attitude.
Some people perform better than others in learning a second language. What are the explanations offered be second language learning research ?
Critically evaluate the role of English as a second language in the Indian context. Explain whether its extensive usage has led to negative attitudes towards Indian language or diminished the functionality of Indian language.
"Do you think the extensive use of an L2, like English. in the Indian context leads to negative attitudes towards Indian languages." Critically examine the statement.
What is bilingualism ? Differentiate between compound, coordinate and subordinate bilinguals.
What are the consequences of bilingualism for the languages concerned and for the individual ?
Discuss the consequences of bilingualism on the individual, society and the concerned languages.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENGLISHES - ESPECIALLY INDIAN, AMERICAN & BRITISH ENGLISHES
Why are there different varieties of English all over the world ? Give a description of any four varieties of English.
Examine the Indianness of Indian English giving appropriate examples.
Examine the salient features of American English. Give examples.
Examine the characteristics of American English and how it differs from British English.
- What is a Speech Community ? Discuss the problems in defining a Speech Community. 2
- What is the difference between Dualism and Monism ? Give examples.
- Discuss the three approaches to style - monism, dualism and pluralism.
- What is the Binding Theory ? Discuss (with examples) its principles with reference to anaphor, pronominal and other bound elements.
- How do we classify morphemes in English ? Explain with examples to draw the distinction between (a) Free and bound and
- (b) Grammatical and lexical.
- Discuss linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity in terms of language and thought. Do you agree that language determines our thoughts ? Support your view with example from any language.
- “Language is considered a heterogeneous and dynamic phenomenon.” In light of this statement, discuss language variations and the factors that affect these variations.
Write short notes:
- French influence on English language vocabulary
- Change in connotations and associations of meaning
- Bilingualism
- Consequences of Bilingualism for the Individual and the Social Group
- The Monist view of style
- Cardinal Vowels
- Co-operative Principle 2
- Blends
- Saussure’s concept of Linguistic sign
- The Syllable and its structure in the
- English language
- The Binding Theory
- Importance of Age of the Learner in Second
- Language Learning
- Pidgins and Creoles
- Difference between Monism and Dualism
- The characteristics of Human Language
- Define inflectional and synthetic language.
- Post-independence Language Policy
- Phrase Structure Rules in Early Transformational Grammar
- Variation Studies : New York City : William Labov
- Degrees of Prominence
- Theories on the origin of language
- The uses of tones in English 2
- The contribution of authors to word formation in English
- Anaphors
- Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
- Motivation
- The notion of Indian English
- Literal vs Figurative meaning
- Cardinal vowels in English
- Non-finite clauses
- Difference between code mixing and code switching
- The dualist view of style
- Speech community
- The Rising Tone and its functions
- Simple, Complex and Compound words
- The process of Standardization
- The Co-operative Principle
- The Falling Tone and its Functions
- Affixes, Stems and Roots
- The Consequences of Standardization
- Foregrounding as a Stylistic Device
- The diphthongs of English
- Affixes, stems and roots
- Pronominal '
- Backformation
- The Origins of Language
- Cardinal Vowels
- Anaphora
- The Co-operative Principle
- Latin Borrowings in English
- Clipping as a Morphological Device
- Anaphora
- Cardinal Vowels
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